USE OF PREPOSITIONS
USE OF SOME
PREPOSITION
Def: Preposition is a word that sits
before a noun and makes a meaning. In English grammar its use is
available.
Look at
the following sentences:
There is a book on the table.
There is a book on the table.
He lives at
Chaumuhani.
Mr. Pot lived in
Dhaka.
The bird flew away over my head.
In above
sentences on, at, in, over placed before the table, Chaumuhani, Dhaka, my head.
So on, at, in, over are called prepositions.
On other hands
Pre- means previous and position means situation. So it
alphabetically means previous situation. There is a question, where it sits. It
sits before noun or pronoun, so it is called preposition.
Recognized definition:
A preposition
is a word placed before a noun or noun equivalent to show in what relation the
person or thing denoted thereby stand to something else—J.C. Nesfield.
A preposition is a word used with a noun
or a pronoun stands the person or thing denoted by the noun or pronoun stands
in relation to something else—Wren &
Martin.
A preposition is a word that is placed before
a noun or pronoun to show the relation of that noun or pronoun with any other
word of the sentence—P.C. Das.
We can conclude:
We can conclude:
A preposition is a word placed before
a noun or pronoun to show its relation to another noun or pronoun.
Classification of Preposition:
Prepositions
are of six kinds:-
As: 1. Simple
Preposition
2. Double Preposition
3. Compound Preposition
4. Participle Preposition
5. Phrase Preposition
6. Disguised Preposition
1. Simple Preposition: It is constructed by only a word. As:
At, in, on, by, of, to, about, with, for, up, after, from are simple
Preposition.
2. Double Preposition: Two prepositions or words construct it.
As: Into, onto, up to, within, upon behind are double preposition.
3. Compound Preposition: Such kind
of preposition generally sits before noun, adjective and adverb constructed
with be (by) or on (a). As: Above, across, behind, before, between, beyond
4. Participle Preposition: Some participles are used as
Preposition. They are called participle preposition. As: Considering his old age, he was allowed to go. I know much regarding his career. During ,
respecting.
5. Phrase preposition: When phrase is used, as (acts like)
preposition then it is called Phrase preposition. As: There is garden in front of our school. In spite of riches he is unhappy. He
took English in lieu of Urdu.
6. Disguised
Preposition: When a Preposition used briefly or used
invisible or unmentionably, then it is called Disguised Preposition.
As: It is 7’O
clock. (O’ = of).
He went
hunting. (a = on)
Use of some preposition
Use of ‘At’:
1. Before small or short place: As-: I go to the playground at 5:30. He lives at Tongi or at Azimpur.
2. Before the fixed
time: As-: He was born at 5:30.
3. Used for position and goal -: He works at the market and at rest. Swung at the
ball.
4. Used for expression
of Purpose-:
(a) Let’s go and have coffee at Marcel’s.
5. Used for
Target (look, wave, frown, point)-:
(a) Why are you looking at her like that?
(b) Because she smiled at me.
6. For attacks
or aggressive behaviour (shoot, laugh, through and shout) -:
(a). It’s a strange to have somebody shoot
at you.
(b). If you can’t laugh at yourself.
(c). Who can you laugh at?
(d). Stop throwing stones at the cat,
darling.
(e). You don’t need to shout at me.
7. Arrive in generally followed by at.
(a). We should arrive at Pat’s in time for lunch.
8. At is used
to talk about position point.-:
(a) It’s very hot at the centre of the earth.
(b) Turn night at the next corner.
9. At is used sometimes
before a big place if it considers as a point.
(a) Let’s meet at the club. (a meeting point.)
(b) The plane stops for an hour at
Frankfurt.
10. We very use at before the name of
a building, when we are thinking not of the building itself but of the activity
that happens there.
(a) There is a
good film at the cinema.
(b) Eat at the
steak house- best food in town.
11. At is particularly common with
proper names used for buildings or organizations.
(a)
I first met
your father at Harrods.
(b)
She works at
legal and General Insurance.
12. At is used to say where people study.
(a) He’s at the
London School of Economics.
13. At is used before the name of a city
to refer to that city’s university.
(a) He is a
student at Oxford.
14. At is also used before the names of
group activities.
(a) At a party, (b) at a meeting, (c) at
a concert, (d) at a lecture, (e) at the match.
15. We generally use at to talk address.
(a)
Are you still
at the same address?
(b)
She lives at
73 Albert Street.
16. At can be used with, possessive to
mean ‘at somebody’s house or shop.
(a) Where is
Jane? She is round at Pat’s.
(b) You’re
always at the hairdresser’s.
17. Especial expressions;
(a) at
church, (b) at home/work, (c) at school/college, (d) Open at page 15.
18. Before clock time.
(a) I usually
get up at six O’clock.
(b) I meet you at
4.30.
(c) Phone me at
lunchtime.
NB. At
is usually left out before what time in an informal style. (What does your
train leave?)
19. We use at to talk about the whole
of the holidays at Christmas, New Year, Easter and Thanksgiving (US).
(a) We are
having the roof repaired at Easter.
(b) What did
you do at the weekend?
20. At all with negatives, we often use at all
to emphasize a negative idea, questions.
(a)
I did not
understand at all.
(b)
She was hardly
frightened at all.
(c)
Do you play
poker at all?
(d)
He‘ll come
before supper if he comes at all?
21. At first- beginning.
(a) At first
they were very happy.
22. Before night.
(a) I often work at night.
23. Before prize: He earns at 200Tk.per
day.
24. Before age: She is at sixteen now.
25. before day or night or fixed place: He
cones at night and goes at daylight. They reached at our meeting place.
26. Motion/speed: The car is running at
200 km/hr.
Use of ‘In’:
1. Before
big, large place and time for position.
As: He lives in Dhaka.
He goes in the evening.
My father lives in Canada.
2. To express
stability inside anything.
As: He is in the room.
3. Before month
and year.
As: He was born in April 1972.
4. To express future period of time.
As: He will come in week.
5. To express end of the future period
of time.
As: He will come in
a month.
6. To express
inside of the area.
As: Noakhali is in the south of
Bangladesh.
7. We generally use in to talk about
the positions of things, where they are.
(a) A moment later the ball was in
the goal.
(b) She was walking in the garden.
8. If we mention the purpose of a
movement before we mention the destination, we usually use in before the place.
As: (a) I went to see
my father in Canada.
9. Arrive generally follow in.
(a) When did you arrive in New
Zealand?
10. Before somebody’s home , big
organization. As: (a) She lives in Frankfurt. (b) She works in a big
insurance company.
11. To mean living position of an
institution. (a) He lives in Cambridge. They live in London.
12.In is used for position inside large
areas, and in three-dimensional space (when something
is surrounded on
all sides). As: (a) she grew up in Switzerland. (b) I don’t think he is in his
office.
(b) He lived in the desert for
three years. (d) Let’s go for a walk in the woods. (e) I last saw her
in the car park. (e.) swimming in the
lake.
13.In is used to talk about the
position of things which actually form part of the line. As: There is a
misprint in line 6 on page 22. (b) Who’s the good –looking boy in the sixth
row?
We use in to talk about private planes and boats. As: (a) Jump in and I’ll drive you to the station.
We use in to talk about private planes and boats. As: (a) Jump in and I’ll drive you to the station.
We use in (US on) if we just give the
name of the street. As: (a) She lives in Albert Street.
Special expressions. In church, in
school/college (American), in a picture, in the sky, in the rain, in a tent, in
a hat, in bed.
Before parts of the day. As: (a) I work
best in the morning. (b) Three o’clock in the afternoon. (c) We usually go out
in the evening.
During one particular night. As: (a) I
had to get up in the night.
19. Before longer periods: in (a) It
happened in the weak after Christmas. (b) I was born in March. (c) Our house
was built in the 15th Century. (d) He died in 1987. (e) Kent is
beautiful in spring.
20. In can also be used to say how soon
something will happen and to say how long something takes to happen. (a). Ask
me again in three or four days. (b) I can run 200 metres in about 30 seconds.
21. The expression is ----‘s time is used to
say how soon something will happen not how ling something takes. As: (a) I’ll
see you again in a month’s time. (b) It’ll be ready in three weeks’ time. (c)
He wrote the book in a month.
22. In American English in can be used like
for, to talk about periods up to the present (British only for). As: I haven’t
seen her in years.
23. Used to indicate physical surroundings –
I swim in the lake.
Use of ‘On’:
1. To talk about the position.
(a) The ball was on the goal.
(b) The cat’s on the roof again.
2. To talk about on a line (for example a
road or a river)
(a) His house is on the way to Aberdeen to Dundee.
(b) Stratford
is on the river Avon.
(c) Dhaka stands on the bank of Buriganga.
3. On is used for position on a surface.
(a) Hurry up
–supper’s on the table.
(b) There is a
big spider on the
ceiling.
4. Attached to.
(a) Why do you
wear that ring on your first finger?
(b) There aren’t
many apples on the tree this
year.
5. for position by a lake or sea, over
and in contact
(a)
Bowness is on
Lake Windermere.
(b)
Southend
–on-sea.
(c) He jumped on his horse.
6. We use on (and off) to talk about
travel using buses, plane, trains as well as motorcycles and horses.
(a) He’s arriving on the 3:15 train.
(b) We are booked on flight 604.
(c) There is no
room on the bus.
(d) It took five
days to cross the Atlantic on the
Queen Elizabeth.
7. We use on for the number of the floor.
(a) She lives in a
flat on the third floor.
8. Especial expression.
a. On a firm, b. working on the railway.
9. before particular days, or during or
at the time of.
(a) I’ll ring you on Tuesday. My birthday’s on March 21st.
(b) They’re having
a party on Christmas Day.
(c) They’re having
a party on Easter Monday.
(d) I came on Monday.
(e) Every hour on the hour.
10. Before Plural day.
(a) We usually go
and see movie on Sundays.
(b)
They usually
go and see movie on Mondays.
11. before day or date.
11. before day or date.
(a) He was born on Wednesday.
12. To express above the area.
(a) The
Garo Hills is on the north of
Bangladesh.
13. Touching the surface
They sat on the wall but Mita sat on the table, shadows on the wall, on the table.
14. At, to – On the right were the
mountains.
15. In, abroad – She went on the train
16. through the agency: - was cut
on tin cane.
17. In state or process of: - on fire, on
the wane.
18. Connected with as a number or
participant - on a committee, on tour.
19. in or to
position over and in contact with – jumped on his horse.
20. During or
at the time of – came on Monday, every hour on the hour.
21. Used to
indicate a basis, source, or standard of computation – has it on good
authority,
10 cents on the dollar.
22. with
regard to – a monopoly on wheat.
23. at or
towards as an object – crept up on her.
24. About,
concerning – a book on mineral.
Use of ‘By’:
1. before the certain time. As: Try to
come by 4 o’clock.
2. To be done any deed, especially with a
passive: As :( a). The snake was killed by Karim.
(b) I
was attacked by a dog. (c) She was killed by
herself. (d) Rice was being eaten by
her.
3. Using or
doing a particular thing. As: (a) You can reserve the tickets by phone. (b) Send it by airmail. (c) I know her by sight. NB: By train, plain, car, etc.
4. Passing throw or along a particular
place. As: (a) They came in by the
back door. (b) It’s quicker to go by
the country route.
5. Beside or near something: as, (a) She
stood by the window looking out over
the fields. (b) Jane went and sat by
Patrick.
6. If you move
or travel by someone or something, you go past them without stopping. As: (a)
He walked by without notice me. (b) I
go by the Vicarage every day on my
way to work.
7. Used to show the name of someone who
wrote a book, produced a film, wrote a piece of music etc. (a) The new world
sympathy by Dvorak.
8. Not later than a particular time, date
etc, (at the documents need to be ready by next Friday. (b) I reckon the film
should be over by 9:30.
9. According to a particular rule, method
or way of doing things. As: (a) you got a play by the rules. (b) Profits were Tk.1000 million, but by their standards this in low.
10. Used to show the amount or degree of
smoking. (a) The price of oil fell by
a further $2 a barrel. (b) I was over charged by $3. (c) Goddard’s first film was better by far.
11. Used to show the part of a price of
equipment or of someone’s body that someone takes or holds. (a) He took her by the arm and led her across the road.
(b) She grabbed the hammer by the
handle.
12. Used when expressing strong feelings
or making serious promises. (a) By
God, I’ll kill that boy when I see him!
13. Used between two numbers that you are
multiplying or dividing what are 48 divided by
4?
14. Used when giving the measurements of
a room, container etc. (a) the room is 15 metres by 23 metres.
15. Used to show a rate or quality: (a)
we’re paid by the hour.
16. Day by day / bit by bit etc. used to
show the way in which something happens. (a) Day by day he grew weaker.
17. Used to show the situation or period
of time during which you do something or something happens. (a) You could ruin
your eyes reading by torchlight.
18. Used to show the connection between
one fact or thing and another. (a) Colette’s French by birth. (b) Its fine by
me if you want to go.
19. As a result of an action or
situation: - By accident, (a) I
saw Maureen quite accident by the
supermarket the other day. – By mistake,
(b) I manage to delete an afternoon’s work on the computer by mistake.
20. If a woman has children by a particular
man, that man is the children’s father: (a) Ann’s got two children by the previous husband.
21. (All) by yourself completely alone:
(a) Dave spent Christmas all by
himself.
22. Through or through the medium of – left by the door.
23. Past - drove by the house.
24. During, at - studied by night.
25. No later than – get here by
3 pm.
26. through the means or direct agency of – by force.
27. In conformity with, also: according to – did it by the book.
28. with respect to – a vet by
profession.
29. To the amount or extent of – won by
a nose.
30. Used to
express relationship in multiplication, in division and in measurements-
divided a by b, multiply by six, 15 feet by 20 feet.
31. Way means – the work was done by
him.
32. to mean time – 10pm by my
watch.
33. Oath – swore by God or
Allah.
Uses ‘Of’:
1. a. belonging to or possess by
somebody or own by somebody or associated with. As: He is a friend of mine. That house of theirs is fine.
The front of the house, - a time of life, one of you, - the best of its kind, -
the sun of a doctor.
b. (Followed by a
noun) is belonging to something, being part of something. As: The handle of the
umbrella, leg of a table, lid of the box.
c. Used to show a
feature or quality that something has. As: the colour of her dress, the width
of the road, the size of john’s overdraft.
d. having as component parts
or material, contents or members- a pack of
fools.
2. Used to talk about a group or
collection of particular people or things. As: a herd of elephants, the
Monalisa is one of his finest works.
3. Relating to somebody’s role,
status or position, the role of the teacher, the rights of man,
responsibilities of a nurse, and the privileges of the elite.
4. Originating from a specific background
or living in a place. As: A woman of Pakistani descent, man of humble origin,
the miners of Wales, the habitant of the area.
5. Used to talk about a particular amount
or measurement of something. As: Two Kilos of Sugar, lots of money, a drop of
water, a cup of coffee.
6. (Especially referring to somebody’s
works as a whole) created by somebody: the works of Milton, the paintings of
Monet, the songs of Britney Spears.
7. -- Used in dates: the 28th
July.
-- American English used in
giving the time to mean before; a quarter of seven (= 6:45)
8. – Used after nouns describing actions,
to show who the action is done to: as: the killing of innocent children.
-- Used after describing actions,
to show who does the action; the barking of the dogs.
9. Used to say what subject, person,
thing etc another person or thing is connected with: the queen of England
disease of the liver, the result of the meeting, the advantages of using a
computer.
10. Used to say what something is made
from: a dress of pure silk. / These bowls are made of plastic./ Shirts made of
cotton./ a house of stone.
11. – the day / year etc of the day, year
etc that something happened: the day of the accident/ the week of the festival:
-- of the day/ year
the best or most important persons or thing or a particular day or year: She
has been voted ’Woman of the year.’
-- Of an evening/ of a
weekend used to say that you often do something in the evenings, at weekend
etc: we always like to walk by the
river of an evening.
12. Used to show that something is the
result of something else: she left of
her own free will. / He died of
cancer./ The effects of radiation.
– used to say who writes a
play, who paints a painting etc. the plays of Shakespeare. / The building is
the work of a great artist.
-- used to show what a picture, story
etc. is about or who is in it: a photo of Elizabeth. / A map of Bangladesh. / A
story of love and loss.
14. about something /somebody: He’s
never heard of John Keats./ Rumors of his infidelity filled the newspapers./ He
told us of his travels.
15. Used to show where something is or
how far something is from something else: east of Suez / I live within a mile
of here.
16. Used to describe a particular person
or thing: a woman of tremendous spirit. / A matter of no importance.
17. Especially literary used to say where
someone comes from: Jesus of Nazareth. / The people of China.
18. it is kind of / it was wrong of etc.
used to say that something that someone has done shows that they are kind ,
wrong etc. it was silly of him to think he could cheat.
19. Used after some /many/ a few etc. and
between a numeral or superlative adjective and a pronoun or debt. As: some of
his friends. / A few of my CD’s. / Not much of the food. / Six of them/ five of
the team. / The last of the girls. / The brightest of all the students.
20. Dated frequently happening at a
specified time: they used to visit me a Sunday (i.e. on Sundays).
21. In relation to something, concerning:
the topic of conversation/ a dictionary of English/ the professor of
Mathematics. / A director of the company.
22. from – a man of west.
23. Having as significant background or
character element – a man of noble birth, a woman of ability.
24. Owing to – died of flue.
25. Written by – the plays of Shakespeare.
26. about – tales of the west.
27. Connected with – the queen of
England.
28. that is signified – the city of Rome.
29. used to indicate apposition of the
words it joins- that fool of a husband.
30. as concerns: for – love of nature.
31. before – quarter of ten.
Use of ‘To’:
1. To is used for movement or direction.
(a) I go to Canada to see him
whenever I can.
(b) He gets to the market by bike.
2. To is used as an expression of
purpose.
(a) Let’s go to
Marcel’s for coffee.
(b) I went to
Canada to see my father.
3. Throw to and shout to be used when
there is no idea of attack.
(a) Please do not
throw food to the animals.
(b) Could you
shout to Phil and tell him its breakfast time?
4. Never is followed by to.
(a) Never go to the cinema.
5. To is used to indicate in a direction
from and towards a particular person or thing.
(a) I am sitting
to the left of the president. Drove to town.
6. To is used in order to be in a
particular place or area.
(a) We are hoping
to go to Istanbul for our holidays this year.
(b) I usually go
to bed at 11 p.m.
(c) Where’s Emily?
She is gone to the loom.
7. To is used in order to be in a
particular situation, or in a particular physical or mental state.
(a) After two difficult years the
company is now on the road to recovery.
(b) She sang the
baby to sleep. (c) Wait until the light changes to green.
8. To is used for reaching as far as a
particular thing. (a) The water came right up to our knees. Going to school.
9. In a position in which two things are
touching: (a). The paper stuck firmly to the wall. (b) They danced check to
check.
10. Facing something or in front of
it. (a) I sat with my back to the engine. (b) We stood face to face. (c)
The two houses were back to back.
11. until and including as: (a) She can
already count from one to twenty. (b) They stayed from Friday night to Sunday
morning. (c) Its ten kilometres from here to Angers. (d) She read the novel
from beginning to the end.
12. Used to show person or thing to which
actions or words are directed or to whom things belong: as: (a) this is a
letter to Milton from George. (b) Have you told all your news to john? (c) You
have no right to this land. (d) Will they give you an office to yourself?
13. Used to show the person or
thing that is affected by an action. As: (a). It is dangerous to your health.
(b) She is very kind to animals. (c) What have you done to the radio? (d)
There’s always an element of risk to starting up a new business. Whispered to
her. gave it to me.
14. Working for someone or, being a part
of something that is necessary to make it work: (a) Have you seen the key to
the back door? (b) Rona’s secretary is to the Managing Director.
15. Used when comparing two things,
numbers etc. as: (a) I know he is successful but he is nothing to what he could
have been. (b) England beat Scotland by two goals to one.
16. Used especially after verbs such as
seem, feel, sound’ to show how things affect, concern, or influence someone.
As; (a) the whole thing sounds very suspicious to me.
17. According to a particular feeling or
attitude. As: (a) The doctor is not really to our liking. (b) You could use
this information to your advantage. (c) Brookner has not to my knowledge
written any books since this one.
18. to your surprise/annoyance/delight in
a way that makes you feel a particular emotion: (a) Much to her surprise she
passed the exam with distinction.
19. Especially spoken forming something
or being one of the separate parts that makes something up: (a) we’re only
getting eight francs to the pound at the moment. (b) There are sixteen ounces
to every pound.
20. To is used when adding one number to
another or, when thinking about two facts at the same time. As; (a) Add fifty
to seventy five.
21. To be used to show that there is a
certain amount of time before an event or before a particular time. As: (a)
only two weeks to Christians. (b) How long it is to dinner?
22.‘To’ is used between two numbers when
you try to guess an exact number.
As:
(a) There must have been between eighty
to twenty thousand people at the concert.
23. To Express out of area.
As: The Himalayas is to the north of
Bangladesh.
24. To express towards any gaining place.
As: He goes to school.
25. in the direction of and
reaching - drove to town.
- in the direction of
: toward – going to school.
- On, against –
apply salve to a burn.
- as far as –
can pay up to a dollar.
- so as to become or
bring about - beaten to death, broken to pieces.
26. Before - its five minutes to
six.
- Until – from May to
December.
- Fitting or being a
part of : for – Key to the lock.
- With the
accompaniment of – sing to the music.
- In relation or
comparison with- similar to that one, - won ten to six.
- In accordance with –
add salt to taste.
- Within the
range of – to my knowledge.
- Contained,
occurring, or included in – two pints to a quart.
- As regards –
agreeable to everyone.
27. Affecting as the receiver or
beneficiary – whispered to her, - gave it to me.
28. for no one except – a room to myself.
- Into the
action of – we got to talking.
29. used for marking the following verbs
as an infinitive – wants to go, and
often used by itself at the end of a clause in place of an infinitive suggested
by the preceding context – goes to town whenever he wants to, can leave if you’d like to.
30. From one to another – a letter to Rahim.
- Long run –
sent to the jail.
Use of ‘For’:
1. Intended to be given or belong to a
particular person.(I) I’ve got a present for you. (ii) Save some for Aurther.
2. Intended to be used in a particular
situation. As: (a) We’ve bought some new chairs for the office. (b) This is a
nameplate for the door.
3. Used to show the purpose of an object,
action etc. as; (a) it is a knife for cutting bread. (b) What did you do that
for? (c) For sale / hire / rout.
4. If you do something for someone, you
do it instead of him or her in order to help them. (I) I look after the kids
for her. (ii) Let me lift that for you. (iii) I am living Azimpur for my wife.
5. If something is done for someone or if
they are given something for a problem, they are helped or their situation is
improved: (I) The doctor knew that there was nothing he could do for her. (a)
I’ve found it for you. (b) I’ll do what I can for you. (c) What can I do for
you?
6. If something is arranged for
particular time, it is planned that it should happen then. (a) I’ve invited
them for 9 O’clock. (b) I’ve made an appointment for 18th
October. (c) It’s time for supper.
7. If you buy someone /something or
arrange an event for their birthday etc. you do it to celebrate that occasion.
(a) What did you get for your birthday? (b) I bought a gift for your marriage
day.
8. Used to express a length of time. (a)
Bake the cake for 40 minutes. (b) They had been walking for a good half an
hour. (c) I’ve been meaning to ask you for ages. (d) He’s been off work for a
long time. (e). For a while: I’m borrowing it for a while.
9. For now/for the moment used to say
that you are suggesting something as a temporary solution, but it may be
changed later. (I) I think for now we’re just going to have to keep the cats in
the house. (ii) You can put your bags in my house for the moment.
10. Used to express distance. (I) We
walked for miles. (ii) Factories and warehouses stretched for quite a distance
along the canal.
11. Used to state where a person, vehicle
etc is going. (I) I get off for work. (ii) That was the night before leaving
for New York. (ii) The train left for Manchester. (iii) I’m for bed/home.
12. Used to show a price or amount. (a)
This is a cheque for a hundred Tk. (ii) The diamond is insured for two thousand
dollars.
13. In order to have does get or obtain
something. (I) She decided to look for a job. (ii) Mother was ill to get up for
dinner. (iii) The qualifications are necessary for entry to university. (iv)
Run for your life.
14. Now for spoken used to say what
you’re going to have or do now: (i.) Now for some fun he is staying here.
15. Because of or as a result of
something: (i.) if for any reason, you cannot attend in the meeting you should
inform the authority. (ii) He got a reward for bravery. (iii) We could hardly
see for depreciation. For doing something: He got a ticket for driving through a red light. - cry for joy.
16. As to or concerning something, (I) I
felt sorry for him. (ii) He has a talent for upsetting people.(iii) I’m sure
she’s the ideal person for the job.(iv) We had pasta for lunch. (v) Fortunately
for him, he can swim. (vi) The success rates for each task are given in Table.
(vii) This is too hard for me to do. (viii) He’s a great one for (= he always
wants or is concerned with) (ix) He’s a great one for details. (x) Are you all
right for money? (ix.) She is not for me.
17. If you work for a company, play for a
team etc., this is one in which you work, play etc. (I) Surveyors working for
property services. (ii) He writes for a weekly paper. (iii) She plays for a
team.
18. In favour of supporting or in
agreement with something discussing the case for and against nuclear energy.
(I) How many people voted for the proposal? (ii) Three cheers for the captain.
(iii) All for: I’m all for people enjoying themselves.
19. Representing meaning or as a sign of
something: (a) What’s the word for happy in French? (b) Red is for danger.
20. Used after a comparative form to mean
after as a result of or because of (a) You’ll feel better for a break.
21. Used to say that a particular feature
of someone or something is surprising when you consider what they are: (a) It’s
cold for the time of year. (b) She looks young for her age.
22. For somebody/ something to do
something. Used to introduce a phrase that is used instead of a clause. (a) It
is really unusual for Michael to get cross. (b) I cannot bear for somebody or
something to.
-- Nothing worse /
easier than for something/ somebody to (a) there is nothing worse than for a
present to ill treat a child.
-- Used when you are
describing what someone should do, might do or has done: (a) the plan is for us
to leave in the morning.
-- A
need/desire/chance for something/somebody to: (a) There is an urgent need for
someone to tackle this problem. (b). There will be an opportunity for them to
do again.
-- Used when you are
explaining a reason for something. (a) He must have had some bad news for to be
so quit. (as/ since/ he is so quiet.) (b) I have sent off my coat for it
to be cleaned. (c) In order that it may be cleaned.
-- Used when you are
saying what someone or something is able to do: (a) It’s easy for a computer to
keep a record of this information. (b) It’s impossible for me to get money out
of Dorothy.
-- Large / difficult near
enough for somebody/ something to. (a) The dolphin was near enough for me to
reach out and touch it.
-- Too large/ difficult/
near for somebody/ something. (a) It’s too difficult for me to explain.
23. for each / every used to say that each of
one kind of thing has or will have something of another kind: (a) For each
mistakes you’ll lose half a portion. (b) for every three people who agree
you’ll find five who don’t.
24. for all
-- in spite of (a) for all his
efforts, he still came last (b) She still loves him for all that.
-- Considering how little (a) for
all the success you have had, you might just as well have not bothered!
25. For all I know /care: spoken used to
say that you don’t really know or case: (a) For all I know he could be dead.
(b). He can jump into the river for all I care!
26. I would not do it for anything in
formal used to emphasize that you definitely would not do it: (a) I would not
go through that again for anything.
27. I for,
one believes think that—Spoken this is my opinion, even if no ones else agrees:
(a) I for one believe that she’s
making a big mistake.
28. For one thing – (and for another) used
when you are giving reasons for a statement you have made. (a) No I’m not going
to buy it; for one thing I don’t far too expensive.
29. If it were for/ if it had not been
for -- If a particular thing had not happened, if someone had not done
something, or if a situation was different: (a) If it had not been for you, I
would not be alive now.
30. (Well) that’s / there’s --- for you
spoken – Used to say that it is typical that something has been as
disappointment: You cannot expect any thing better of that type of thing: (a)
That’s foreign hotel for you!
31. Be (in) for it to be likely to be blamed or punished; (a) You’ll be for it
if she finds out what you have done!
32. As a preparation toward – dress for
dinner.
33. Toward the purpose or goal of - need
time for study, - money for a trip.
34. So as to reach or attain – run for
cover.
35. as being – took him for a fool.
36. used to indicate recipient – a letter
for you.
37. in support of – fought for his
country.
38. derected as: affected – a cure for
what ails you.
39. used with a noun or pronoun following
by an infinitive to form the equivalent of a noun clause – for you to go would
be silly.
40. in exchange as equal to: so as to
return the value of – a lot of trouble for nothing.
41. pay – tk.100 for a cap.
42. concerning - a sticker for detail.
43. through the period of – served for
three years.
44. in honor of - a party was arranged
for VIP.
Use of ‘With’:
1. against – a fight with his brother.
2. From - parting with friends.
3. In mutual relation to – talk with a
friend.
4. In the company of – went there with
her.
5. As regards, toward – is patient with
children.
6. Compared to – on equal terms with
another.
7. In support of – I’m with you all the
way.
8. In the presence of: containing – tea
with sugar.
9. in the opinion of: as judged by- their
arguments had
10. Because of, through – pale with
anger, also by means of – hit him with a club.
11. in a manner indicating – work with a
will
12. Given, granted - with your permission
I‘ll leave.
13. Having – came with good news, - stood
these with mouth open.
14. at the time of - right after: with
that left.
15. Despite –with all her cleverness, she
failed.
16. In the direction of – swim with the
tide.
17. Before tools - I cut the mango with the knife.
Use of ‘Up’,
1. to, toward, or at a higher point of –
up a ladder.
2. to or toward the source of - up the
river.
3. to, or toward the northern part of –
up the coast.
4. to or toward the interior of –
traveling up the country.
5. along – walk up the street.
6. at a particular place: Do you fancy
going up the town?
Use of ‘Down’
1. Towards the ground or lower point or
in a lower position - The bathroom is down those stairs.
2. Along – The wind raced down the alley.
3. In the direction of the rivers current
– We sailed down the river.
4. Down the shops/hospital /park/ market
etc. --- Biltu is just gone down the pub.
5. Down in, on, along or through, toward
the bottom of.
6. Down the road pike/ line etc. you will
understand better a few years down the line.
After:
1. To express past period of time.
As: He returned home after a week.
The doctor died after the
patient had come.
Since or from/ for: ‘For’
is used before period of time and since or from is used before
point of time and form of verb is past
perfect tense.
As: He has been absent for four days since Monday last.
Double Preposition:
Use of ‘ Into’:
1. To express entering inside. i.e.
dynamically and to change.
As: He enters into the Room. He ran into the house.
2. To the state , condition or form of
– He got into trouble.
3. Time- at or until a certain time. Anu
and I talked well into the night.
4. Against- The fox ran into a wall.
5. Direction: Make sure your speaking
directly into the microphone.
6. Inside container, place , area: She
got back into bed and pull quit over head. I have get to go into town.
7. Involved in something: I went into the
printing trade at the age of 16.
8. Different, appearance, situation –
You’ll have to eat your vegetables if you want to grow into a big strong boy.
9. hit, touch, meet – I ran into Brad at
the blue bard last night.
10. Be into something – I have really got
into English films.
Use of ‘onto:’
1. To a position or point on: He jumped
onto the horse back.
2. Expressing movement meaning in or one
particular place: the man manage to jump onto the train while it was moving.
3. On to somebody: The police are onto
him.
4. Be/get onto somebody: Get onto the
hospital and see if they can spare nurses.
5. Be onto a good thing / a winner (very
good situation) – She is onto a real winner with that job.
6. A room looks or gives onto another
room on where that room leads - the main sitting area looked out onto a
beautiful view of the hills.
Use of ‘up to’:
1. As far a designated: part or place on
:
2. To or fulfillment of :
3. To the limit of as many or as much as.
4. To the time of : until.
Use of ‘out
of’:
1. out from with in or behind – walk out
of the room, lookout of the window.
2.. from a state of – wake up out of a deep
sleep.
3. beyond the limits of – out of sight
4. Because of : came out of curiosity.
5. from ,with – built it out of scrap.
6. in or into a state of loss or not
having – cheated him out of TK5000. We are out of matches.
7. From among – One out of four.
8. Out of it. – source , old fashion.
Use
of within:
1. Before exceed of future period
of time.
As: He will come within a month.
2. Inside the limits or influence of –
with in call.
3. In or to the inner part of - with in
the room.
4. Place – with in the school area.
5. Time – with in two months.
Use of upon
1.on – an
honour bestowed upon the association, - We are completely dependent upon your
help.
Use of
behind
Compound Preposition:
Use of ‘About’:
1. Reasonably close to: also: on the
verge of – Hasan was about join the army.
2. On all sides – I wrapped a piece of
cloth about my finger.
3. Nearby – He is about to Dhaka.
4. Approximately - His knife was about
six inches long.
5. Occasion on – They went there about
that matter.
6. Position - He likes to write about
him.
7. About your person – He had concealed
the weapon somewhere about his person.
8. Do something about to do something to
solve a problem or stop a bad situation – What can be done about the rising
levels of pollution.
9. Basic purpose – Basically the job’s
all about helping people.
10. Be quick about it. – Get me a drink
and be quick about it.
11. On or dealing with a particular
subject – a book about physics.
12. In many difference directions with a
particular place – We spent the whole afternoon walking about town.
13. In the nature or character of a person
or thing – There is something odd about Liza.
14. Use to ask for news or information –
What about Mina?
15. Used to make a suggestion –How about
a salad for lunch?
16. Used to introduce a subject that you
want to talk about - about that car of yours. It’s about Tommy.
Use of
‘Across’:
1. On or towards the opposite side of
something – my, best friend lives across the road.
2. In every part of the country,
organization etc. Teachers are expected to teach a range of subjects.
3. On so as to cross or pass at an angle-
a long across the road.
4. To or on the opposite side of – ran
across the street.
5. Going looking etc. from one side of a
space, area, or line to the other side: we gazed across the valley.
6. Reaching or spreading from one side of
an area to the other: slowly a smile spread across her face. Do you think the
shirt is too tight across the shoulders?
Use of ‘beneath’
1. in or to a lower position than
something or directly under something – the dolphins disappeared beneath the
waves.
2. In a lower or less important rank or
job than someone else – She would not speak to peoples she consider beneath
her.
3. Not suitable for someone because of
not being good enough. – Seema considered it beneath her even to reply to the
insult.
4. A feeling or attitude that is beneath
another feeling or attitude is covered or hidden by it. – Dave sensed that
something more sinister lay beneath the woman’s cheerful exterior.
5. Below, under –> Samira stood
beneath a tree.
6. Concealed by – He put the book beneath
the cloth.
Use of ‘Along’:
1. In a line with the direction of – sail
along the coast.
2. At a point on or during – stopped
along the way.
Use of Among:
1. To express more than two.
As: The teacher gave mangoes among the boys and girls.
Use of ‘Before’:
1. before
certain time.
As: Try to come before 5 o’clock.
2. in a double incidental sentence, after
using past perfect tense.
As: The patient had died before the doctor came.
3. Earlier than – go there before them.
4. In a more important category than –
put quality before quantity
5. Ahead of some one or something else –
I think you were before me in the queue.
6. In front of – stood before him.
7. Report or evidence – the proposal was
put before the planning committee.
8. One quality or person comes before
another – I put my wife and kids before any one else.
9. Formal in front of – The priest stood
before the alter.
10. One place before another place
(distance) - The pub is 100mbefore the chance on the night.
11. Job situation before – The task of
employing the house day before us.
12. A period of time is before your start
– we had a glorious summer afternoon before us to do as we pleased.
13. To show a particular reaction before
someone or something you react – She trembled before the prospect of meaning
him again.
Use of
‘Behind’:
1. in or to place or situation in back or
to the rear of – look behind you. – the staff stayed behind the troops.
2. Inferior to – as a rank: below.
- Three games behind the first place
team.
3. In support of: supporting – we’re
behind you all the way.
4. Quickly or attitude behind an
appearance- she suspected that a certain criticism lay behind his cheerful
exterior.
5. see – simple
6. at or towards the back of something –
The dog ran out from behind a house.
7. Not as successful or advanced as
someone or something else: we are three points behind from other team. What’s
behind something being the secret or hidden change of plan.
8. Supporting a person, idea etc. – The
workers are very much behind the proposals.
9. Responsible for a plan or idea etc.-
The Rotary club is behind the fund raising for the new hospital.
10. For unpleasant experience or
situation – Hasan’s got five years of experience as a school teacher behind
him.
Use of Beside:
1. Near or very close to – Sit beside me
in my danger.
2. Use to compare two people or things –
this year sales figure don’t look very good beside last years result.
3. Not relevant to –
4. Beside the point – How old is she?
That’s beside the point the question is, can she do the job?
5.
Use of Besides: [bisaiz]
1. ‘Besides’ use to mean too or
although. - Besides this pen I need another one.
2. other than – Besides this pen he
has another pencil.
3. Together with -
Use of Between:
1. Relation with the two persons.
As: He divided the mangoes between Ali and Omar.
Use of Without:
1. out side –old use
2. Lacking –without hope, we had to
survive without light or heating for a whole time.
3. Not accompanied by or showing – Spoke
without thinking.
4. Not doing or having something, or not
showing a particular feeling – he had gone without his partners permission.
5. Happen easily – I manage to get
through the exam without too much trouble.
6. Without wishing to – use before
criticism.
Follow the appropriate
Preposition:
Abide by (obey) – We should abide by the order of our teacher.
Abide with (live)- Allah abides with everybody who is dedicated
as a Muslim.
Abide in (to live any place)-I
shall not abide long in Dhaka.
Abound with (stay full)- Forests abound with tigers and ferocious
animals.
Abound in (gets)- The fish abounds in
sea. Wild animals abound in the forest.
Absent from (not present)- He was absent
from the meeting.
Abstain from (avoid, refrain)-Everybody
should abstain from smoking.
Access to (entering right, approach)-
Accused of (blame as guilty)
Addicted to (attract to bad task, enslave
to a bad habit)-
Adept in (efficient)-
Adjacent to (nearest)-
Affection for (love for child)-
Afraid of (feared)- I am not afraid of
ghost. Are you afraid of ghost?
Agree with (be agree)-
Aim at (shoot)-
Ambition for (to be high in rank)-
Angry with (be bored with any body)-
Angry to (be bored with the deed of any
body)-
Answer to (to show signs of accepting as
one’s name)-
Answer to/for (to accept responsibility)-
Participle Preposition:
Definition: the preposition
which used as present participle is called participle preposition.
Regarding
Considering
During
Owing
Respecting
Disguise Preposition:
Definition: The prepositions which are not
used as their own figure is known as disguise preposition.
1. O’clock
(of) : Its five o’clock in my watch.
2. A side (on=a): He was
standing a side of her.
3. Once a week (on =a): She comes
here once a weak.
4. A hunting (a=on): He went out a
hunting.
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